Memory Foundations and Applications 3rd Edition Test Bank
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Chapter 5
1. Semantic memory is
2. a) a working memory system.
*b) a long-term memory
system for general world knowledge.
1. c) a long-term memory system for the words in
our native languages.
2. d) a working memory system for visual
information.
2. Lexical memory is
3. a) a working memory system.
4. b) a long-term memory system for general world
knowledge.
*c) a long-term memory
system for the words in our native languages.
1. d) a working memory system for visual
information.
3. Which is an example of retrieval from lexical
memory?
4. a) a person rehearses the digits that were
just presented.
*b) a person uses a
sentence with the word “onomatopoeia” in it.
1. c) a person remembers the sunset she saw on
her vacation in Hawaii.
2. d) a person shoots a jumpshot in basketball.
4. An associative model means that
*a) we represent
information in semantic memory in terms of connections among units of
information.
1. b) we represent information in semantic memory
directly in terms of how neurons fire.
2. c) we represent information in semantic memory
in terms of its relation to episodic memory.
3. d) we represent information in semantic memory
without regard to the behaviors involved in knowledge.
5. When someone says “Joe Biden” the node in
memory for “Barack Obama” is also activated. This is called
6. a) reverse semantics.
7. b) node removal.
*c) spreading
activation.
1. d) interference.
6. The term “spreading activation” means
7. a) the nodes that represent individual
information.
8. b) the course through which a schema is
retrieved.
9. c) the activation of a lemma when a lexeme has
been remarked.
*d) the transfer of
activation from one node to an associated node.
7. In a semantic priming task,
8. a) presenting one word interferes with
identifying a related word in a lexical decision task.
*b) presenting one
word makes it easier to identify a related word in a lexical decision task.
1. c) presenting one word makes it easier to
identify an unrelated word in a lexical decision task.
2. d) presenting one word makes it more difficult
to identify a unrelated word in a lexical decision task.
8. If a person sees a string of letters like
“Xvvsvo”, the person should
9. a) respond “yes” as quickly as possible in a
lexical decision task.
10. b) tell the experimenter something is wrong
with the lexical decision task.
11. c) respond “yes” only after careful
consideration in a lexical decision task.
*d) respond “no” as
quickly as possible in a lexical decision task.
9. In a spreading activation network, a word like
“lime” can prime “lemon,” and “lemon” can then prime “law.” If “lime” primes
“law,” this is called
*a) mediated priming.
1. b) instigated priming.
2. c) transfer priming.
3. d) a tweetle-beetle battle.
10. In a sentence verification task, participants
decide as quickly as possible
*a) if a sentence is
true or false.
1. b) if they have seen the sentence before.
2. c) if they can retrieve the sentence later.
3. d) if they can pronounce the sentence in less
than five seconds.
11. “Birds have wings” will be verified faster
than “Birds have blood,” because
*a) activation spreads
more quickly between related nodes.
1. b) more general characteristics are always
more quickly mediated.
2. c) more general characteristics are often
primed by sentence activation.
3. d) activation does not spread across
categories.
12. A concept, in cognitive psychology, is
13. a) a result of activating individual nodes in
a spreading activation unit.
14. b) something that can only be represented in
episodic memory.
15. c) a mental illusion, comparable to visual
illusions.
*d) a mental construct
that contains information associated with a specific idea.
13. Restaurant is to “McDonald’s” as
*a) a category is to
an example.
1. b) semantic memory is to episodic memory.
2. c) spreading activation is to node
associations.
3. d) sentence verification is to lexical
decision.
14. Categories are “fuzzy” because
*a) they resist easy
definitions or clear boundaries.
1. b) psychologically, they elicit warm feelings
in us.
2. c) their memory representations are not stored
in the cerebral cortex.
3. d) we associated them with strong sensory
responses.
15. “Book – novel – romance” is an example of
16. a) a spreading activation network.
17. b) a triad of semantic retrieval.
*c) levels of
categorization: superordinate, basic, subordinate.
1. d) an innate schema: only possible in literate
cultures.
16. Levels of categorization has psychological
reality based on which finding?
17. a) Research has demonstrated that basic level
information is not accessible during spreading activation.
*b) Research has
demonstrated that basic level information is retrieved faster than subordinate
or superordinate information.
1. c) Research has demonstrated that basic level
information is always transformed at the time of input into a fuzzy category.
2. d) Research has demonstrated that basic level
information is less likely to be accurately recalled.
17. Superordinate information in categorization is
more based on neural processes in the
18. a) parietal lobe.
19. b) parental lobe.
*c) pre-frontal lobe.
1. d) posterior lobe.
18. Family resemblance means that
*a) membership in a
category is defined by items’ similarity to other members of the category.
1. b) membership in a category is defined by
common ancestry of the concept.
2. c) membership in a category is defined by each
item’s ability to activate superordinate structures.
3. d) membership in a category is defined by the
joining of perceptual and semantic characteristics.
19. According to prototype theory,
*a) prototypes form
the central feature in our representation of categories.
1. b) prototypes activate the retrieval of
subordinate exemplars.
2. c) prototypes are only active in the
subconscious.
3. d) common members of the category do not
resemble the prototype.
20. Among Americans, a golden retriever is a very
common and “prototypical” dog. Compared to a golden retriever, it will take
Americans
21. a) less time to verify that a Boston terrier
is a dog.
22. b) more time to verify that golden retrievers
make good pets.
*c) more time to
verify that a Boston terrier is a dog.
1. d) because all people have innate concepts,
one should expect no difference.
21. When participants are asked to generate
examples of a particular category, they tend to
22. a) produce unusual members of the category
first.
23. b) be unduly influenced by spreading
activation.
24. c) show no signs of spreading activation.
*d) produce
prototypical members of the category first.
22. In exemplar theory, categories are classified
23. a) by overlooking the fuzziness of the
category.
24. b) by comparing the exemplar to the prototype.
25. c) by maintaining a small number of specific
instances of the category.
*d) by maintaining a
large number of specific instances of the category.
23. Feature comparison theory states that
24. a) we compare the prototype to the exemplar.
25. b) we compare the lemma to the lexeme.
*c) we maintain a list
of features for each category.
1. d) we maintain an unusual number level of
categorization.
24. Defining features are
25. a) necessary to invoke a superordinate
category.
*b) required for an
example of a particular category.
1. c) implied by the nature of semantic memory.
2. d) generally accompany an instance of the
category but are not required.
25. Characteristic features are
26. a) necessary to invoke a superordinate
category.
27. b) required for an example of a particular
category.
28. c) implied by the nature of semantic memory.
*d) generally
accompany an instance of the category but are not required.
26. Which of the following sentences is true?
27. a) A schema is a script used to generate
lexical knowledge.
*b) A schema is
generalized knowledge about an event, a person, or a situation.
1. c) A schema is a means of activating
individual category nodes.
2. d) A schema is a superordinate category.
27. Sofia, a seven-year old girl, describes what
she does before going to sleep. She puts on her pajamas, brushes her teeth,
says good-night to mom and dad, then gets into bed. Sofia is recalling what
kind of knowledge?
28. a) lexical knowledge.
29. b) subordinate categorical knowledge.
*c) well-learned
script knowledge.
1. d) an episodic rehearsal pattern.
28. Brewer and Treyens (1981) asked people to
remember details from a waiting room. The participants recalled
29. a) more schema-neutral material than
schema-adverse material.
*b) more
schema-consistent information than schema-neutral information.
1. c) mostly falsely recalled the schema-consistent
information.
2. d) failed to use lexical memory when
retrieving the relevant information.
29. Bransford and Johnson (1972) presented
participants with confusing passages to read. They found that
*a) having an
organizing title aided recall.
1. b) the confusion led to an inconsistent data;
semantic memory experiments should be done strictly in the lab.
2. c) confusion boosted memory for
schema-relevant details.
3. d) schema-consistent knowledge was improperly
activated.
30. Bartlett (1932) asked his participants to play
a “telephone game.” He showed that
31. a) participants demonstrate veridical recall.
*b) the errors were
consistent with participants’ schemas.
1. c) sentence verification led to the best
memory performance.
2. d) each participant activated a separate
associative node.
31. In Bartlett’s (1932) study, upper-class
British university students tended to
32. a) recall “war of the ghosts” verbatim because
they had been taught to memorize poems.
33. b) not attend to the story because it was not
about British life.
*c) show unintentional
distortions consistent with their own schemas.
1. d) remember better when the story was not
given a supernatural title.
32. Psycholinguistics is
33. a) the study of practical semantic memory.
34. b) the study of the interaction between memory
and language.
35. c) the study of communication science.
*d) the study of the
psychological processes involved in human language.
33. A major difference between human language and
animal communication systems is
34. a) animals tend to only use communication when
absolutely necessary for immediate survival, whereas humans talk for the sake
of talking.
35. b) only humans use sound to communicate.
*c) animals tend to be
limited in what they can communicate, but human language allows unlimited
sentences to be formed.
1. d) animals only communicate between species
not within species.
34. Phonology is the study of
35. a) grammatical units of language.
36. b) basic written units of language.
*c) sounds and how
they are used in a language.
1. d) contextual variables in language.
35. Syntax refers to the
*a) grammatical
structure of language.
1. b) basic written units of language.
2. c) sounds and how they are used in a language.
3. d) meaning inherent in a language.
36. Morphology refers to
37. a) sounds and how they are used in a language.
*b) how words are
constructed within a language.
1. c) the basic sounds used in a language.
2. d) the written form of the language.
37. Lemmas contain information about ____ and
lexemes contain information about ________
*a) semantics; phonology
1. b) semantic memory; episodic memory
2. c) the episodic buffer; spreading activation
3. d) phonology, orthography
38. The lexeme is the
39. a) level of representation that stores the
meaning of an item.
*b) level of
representation that stores the phonology of a word.
1. c) level of representation that stores how to
categorize the word.
2. d) level of representation of its level of
categorization.
39. Retrieving the word “attorney” when we meant
to retrieve the word “barrister” is an example of a
*a) word-exchange error.
1. b) phonological flip.
2. c) node association error.
3. d) lexical transposition.
40. The two theories that account for the
bilingual lexicon are the single-store view and the dual store view. These two
views differ with respect to
41. a) how many levels of categorization
bilinguals have.
42. b) whether there are multiple lexeme levels.
43. c) their explanation of coordinate bilinguals.
*d) if lemmas are
shared across languages.
41. Cross-language priming studies show that
42. a) words related in meaning do not prime
across language.
43. b) only phonological priming works across
languages.
44. c) neither semantic nor phonological priming
works across language.
*d) words related in
meaning prime similar words in a bilingual’s other language.
42. Distributional information refers
43. a) to the tendency for infants to rapidly
develop coordinate lexemes.
44. b) to similarities among concepts in spreading
activation.
*c) to the patterns of
speech that co-occur, that is, aspect of language that always accompanies each
other.
1. d) to the pragmatics of language.
43. When an infant uses the word “chair” just to
the chair and not the chair and the floor underneath it, this is an example of
the
44. a) use of distributional information.
*b) whole-object
assumption.
1. c) lexeme mapping.
2. d) lexical constraint assumption.
44. Research shows that the best way for adults to
learn a new language is
45. a) the submersion method.
*b) the immersion
method.
1. c) the audiolingual method.
2. d) the submersible method.
45. In a neuroimaging study on semantic-verification
tasks, Raposo et al. found that
46. a) greater frontal lobe activity was needed to
do sentence verification when the non-associative distance between the verb
clause and antecedent were not definable.
*b) areas of the left
prefrontal lobe and areas of the left medial temporal lobe were particularly
active during sentence verification
1. c) areas of the right medial temporal lobe
were the primary area activating during sentence verification tasks.
2. d) greater right medial temporal activity was
need to parse verb clauses.
46. Which of these statements about music and
semantic memory is true?
*a) Melodic structure
is crucial to meaning in semantic memory for music.
1. b) Meaning can only be inferred from music
when vocal parts are included.
2. c) People can learn large amounts of music
because it lacks a semantic memory component.
3. d) all of the above are true.
47. In a Basque-English multilingual, it was shown
that a Basque word like “bazkaria” (meaning lunch) can prime English words like
“dinner.” This supports the
48. a) department store view of language.
49. b) multiple-store view of bilingual
representation
*c) single-store view
of bilingual representation
1. d) dual-store view of bilingual representation
48. In an experiment on prototypes and semantic
priming, Miles and Minda (2012) found that priming
*a) led to faster
judgments for prototypical category members
1. b) led to slower judgments for prototypical
category members.
2. c) priming does not affect prototype affirmation.
3. d) priming was not measurable when judgment
processes were not affected.
49. In an experiment in which all the participants
were Economics and History majors, it was found that the name “Keynes” (a
famous economist) led to faster judgments about economic terms than did the
name “Churchill.” This is an example of
*a) spreading
activation in an associative network.
1. b) dual-store view of bilingual representation
2. c) prototype ratification.
3. d) sentence verification.
50. Which is an example of a fuzzy category?
51. a) all isosceles triangles.
52. b) whole numbers.
*c) Asian-Americans
1. d) none of the above.
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